First‑order differential equations, linear and separable equations, integrating factors, applications. Second‑order linear differential equations. Fundamental solutions, linear independence, Wronskian ...

A homogeneous linear difference equation with constant coefficients over a locally compact abelian group $G$ is an equation of the form $\sum^n_{j=1} c_jf (t_jx) = 0 ...

Delay differential equations (DDEs) extend the classical framework of differential equations by incorporating terms that depend on past states, thus capturing the intrinsic time delays found in many ...